Cellular Reproduction, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis
Let’s Review
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Cells are powered by cellular respiration and/or photosynthesis.
- Cellular respiration is the process where mitochondria of a cell break down glucose (sugar molecules) to produce energy in the form of ATP. The general equation for cellular respiration is: O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
- Reactions during cellular respiration go from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain.
- Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make a food source from energy. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which helps plants absorb light from the sun.
- Photosynthesis is considered the reverse of cellular respiration. The general equation is: (ATP) + CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
- The reaction involves two distinct phases: light reactions and dark reactions. Light-dependent reactions require light to produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions, also known as the Calvin Cycle, do not require light and use ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce glucose and oxygen.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Flashcards
Cellular Reproduction
- Cells are needed for growth, repair, and reproduction. Living things can reproduce asexually or sexually.
- Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce asexually, a process where a single parent cell copies its DNA and splits in half to reproduce. All offspring are genetically identical.
- Sexual reproduction is a process in which two gametes, otherwise known as reproductive cells, unite to create offspring with genetic characteristics from both parents, providing greater genetic diversity in the population.
- A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division.
- The cell cycle regulates cellular division and can be divided into two phases: interphase and the M (mitotic) phase. The cell cycle consists of a G1 (growth) phase, S (DNA replication) phase, G2 (preparation) phase) and the M (mitotic) phase.
- Mitosis is a form of cell division where one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It primarily consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense into two identical sister chromatids attached by a centromere for division.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers.
- Telophase: Chromosomes de-condense and a nuclear membrane appears. The formation of a cell wall to divide the cell into two daughter cells occurs by cytokinesis.
- Meiosis is a different cellular division process that is divided into two rounds of cell division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
- Meiosis I and Meiosis II involve the same phases as mitosis. The major difference is that DNA replication does not happen when meiosis I proceeds to meiosis II.
- Prophase I of meiosis includes a process of crossing over. This process increases genetic diversity because corresponding DNA from different parental chromosomes is exchanged.
- The products of meiosis are four haploid cells, or cells with half the number of normal chromosomes.
- The normal number of chromosomes is restored when two haploid sex cells (sperm, egg) unite, forming a zygote, or diploid cell with a normal number of chromosomes.
Comprehensive Review
Cellular Reproduction Flashcards
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